CRITICAL CARE - ADULTS / ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Disrupted thyroid hormone homeostasis in critical illness: clinical correlates and associations with hormone supplementation in a single-center retrospective observational study
1
Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland
2
Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, University Clinical Centre, Gdańsk, Poland
3
Student Scientific Circle, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland
4
Department of Oncologic, Transplant and General Surgery, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland
5
Department of Healthcare Quality, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland
6
Board of Directors, University Clinical Centre of Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland
Submission date: 2026-06-29
Final revision date: 2026-08-02
Acceptance date: 2026-08-10
Publication date: 2026-08-27
Corresponding author
Karol P. Steckiewicz
Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther 2026;58(1):198-208
KEYWORDS
critical illnessintensive care unitseuthyroid sick syndromesthyroid hormonestriiodothyroninethyroxineretrospective studiestreatment outcome
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Background:
Thyroid hormone disturbances are a hallmark of critical illness and are commonly attributed to non-thyroidal illness syndrome. The clinical relevance of thyroid hormone supplementation in the intensive care unit (ICU) remains uncertain. This study aimed to characterize thyroid hormone concentrations in relation to disease severity in critically ill patients receiving thyroid hormone supplementation.
Methods:
In this single-center retrospective study, data from 98 ICU patients receiving thyroid hormone supplementation were analyzed. A total of 186 measurements of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (fT3), and free thyroxine (fT4) were evaluated in relation to disease severity, organ dysfunction, and clinical interventions.
Results:
Lower fT3 and fT4 concentrations were consistently associated with markers of critical illness, including shock, vasopressor use, mechanical ventilation, and higher SOFA scores. TSH showed weaker and less consistent associations but correlated positively with duration of ICU stay. Thyroid hormone concentrations were largely unrelated to most therapeutic interventions, with only weak correlations observed. Notably, hormone concentrations did not differ meaningfully between patients with and without preexisting thyroid disease, apart from higher TSH concentrations and levothyroxine dosing in the former group.
Conclusions:
Thyroid hormone concentrations in critical illness were closely associated with disease severity. As all patients received supplementation and no comparator group was available, the independent effect of treatment could not be assessed. Prospective controlled studies are needed.
Thyroid hormone disturbances are a hallmark of critical illness and are commonly attributed to non-thyroidal illness syndrome. The clinical relevance of thyroid hormone supplementation in the intensive care unit (ICU) remains uncertain. This study aimed to characterize thyroid hormone concentrations in relation to disease severity in critically ill patients receiving thyroid hormone supplementation.
Methods:
In this single-center retrospective study, data from 98 ICU patients receiving thyroid hormone supplementation were analyzed. A total of 186 measurements of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (fT3), and free thyroxine (fT4) were evaluated in relation to disease severity, organ dysfunction, and clinical interventions.
Results:
Lower fT3 and fT4 concentrations were consistently associated with markers of critical illness, including shock, vasopressor use, mechanical ventilation, and higher SOFA scores. TSH showed weaker and less consistent associations but correlated positively with duration of ICU stay. Thyroid hormone concentrations were largely unrelated to most therapeutic interventions, with only weak correlations observed. Notably, hormone concentrations did not differ meaningfully between patients with and without preexisting thyroid disease, apart from higher TSH concentrations and levothyroxine dosing in the former group.
Conclusions:
Thyroid hormone concentrations in critical illness were closely associated with disease severity. As all patients received supplementation and no comparator group was available, the independent effect of treatment could not be assessed. Prospective controlled studies are needed.
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